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General relativity never required black holes to already exist — and it never permitted the causal inferences we have built upon that assumption. This essay explains how a single unexamined ontological leap reshaped black-hole physics, and why many of its most famous consequences collapse once that error is removed.
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What if black holes never actually form?
For the better part of a century, physicists have treated the inevitable collapse of stars as proof that black holes already exist. But inevitability is not actuality—and confusing the two has produced the deepest paradoxes in modern physics.
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They’ve proven themselves fallible—not just capable of error, but of seeing what they want to see; inventing their own truth. Once you’ve seen that, can you ever trust it’s the only time?
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Einstein gave us relativity. But what if he misunderstood its true meaning — and led generations of physicists astray? In this essay, I argue that he did exactly that. Curious whether you find the reasoning convincing.
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Space-time is our best map of reality — but it isn’t reality itself. This article builds from first principles to argue that events don’t exist — they happen — and that space-time, as the sum of all events, cannot literally exist. Instead, it’s our most powerful way of cataloguing the world’s happenings — and recognising…
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My Conversation article on the nature of space-time just crossed 100,000 reads. This isn’t just a milestone — it’s proof that big, difficult questions about the nature of reality still resonate. Here’s why that matters, and why I think this is just the beginning.
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Physics has siloed itself within a fortress of bad metaphysics, misapplied logic, and shallow operationalism—and keeps mistaking appearance for reality. This audit restores four hard-won rules that once carried us from geocentric illusion to heliocentric truth, then applies them to relativity to show how Einstein’s simultaneity convention led us back into the same trap. Across…
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For over a century, we’ve believed that time has no universal structure—that simultaneity is relative, and motion is merely a matter of perspective. But the universe had other ideas. This essay reveals how one brilliant theoretical choice hardened into metaphysical dogma, and how cosmic evidence quietly overturned it—leaving us chasing a fiction that nature has…
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There’s a prevailing myth in the history of science that Copernicus rediscovered heliocentrism independently—and that he had no real connection to Aristarchus, whose own theory was vague, obscure, and uninfluential. This essay dismantles that myth.
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Scientific Shadow Reading: How We Discovered Earth is a Planet
From Plato’s cave to Newton’s Principia, this essay traces the long, hard-earned lesson at the heart of scientific discovery: appearances deceive. Across two thousand years of astronomy and physics, a small group of thinkers learned to look past what seemed obvious and ask a deeper question—what kind of world must exist for the shadows we…
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